Ban History

地雷禁止公約－地雷禁止公約的歷史
譯者：陳博文

國際反地雷組織活動者於1997年布魯塞爾會議的留影。在該會議中，以《禁雷公約》的第三版草稿作為談判的基礎。

ICBL Campaigners at the 1997 Brussels Conference, where the third draft of the Mine Ban Treaty was identified as the basis for further negotiations. Photo: John Rodsted

「渥太華進程」引領《禁雷公約》於1997年被簽訂的過程是史無前例的。該條約是由許多具結合力與策略性的非政府組織、國際組織、聯合國機構與政府等，共同努力所促成。

The so-called Ottawa Process that led to the signing of the Mine Ban Treaty in 1997 was unorthodox, historic and unprecedented. The treaty is the product of an unusually cohesive and strategic partnership between non-governmental organizations, international organizations, United Nations agencies and governments.

渥太華進程的政治行動發起於1996年，並且在1997年於加拿大渥太華開放簽署《反地雷條約》時，達到活動的高潮。

The political initiative launched in October 1996 and culminating in the opening for signature of the Mine Ban Treaty in Ottawa, Canada, in December 1997 is known as the Ottawa Process.

常規武器公約？不是一個可行的方案

The Convention on Conventional Weapons? Not a Viable Option

在九O年代，非政府組織目睹了地雷對於日常生活的破壞性效果，對於僅以80年代的《特定常規武器公約》來規範人員殺傷性地雷逐漸感到不耐。1993年，法國的反地雷活動者督促法國總統密特朗召開《特定常規武器公約》的審查會議以對該公約加以改善。密特朗總統同意於1995年召開此會議

In the Nineties, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) who witnessed the ravaging effects of landmines on a daily basis grew increasingly impatient with the only treaty controlling the use of antipersonnel landmines - the 1980 Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW). Back in 1993, the French campaign to ban landmines had urged then President Mitterand to call for a review conference to improve the CCW. Mitterand agreed and the date was set for 1995.

然而，1995年六月的審查會議並沒能對《特定常規武器公約》做處任何重大的改變。這使活動者認識到全面的禁止地雷的使用是解決全球地雷危機的唯一方法。同時，就地雷的處理上，各國政府也逐漸面對來自各界的壓力。

However, the 1995/6 Review Conference failed to make any significant changes to the CCW. This confirmed campaigners' belief that a total ban was the only solution to the global landmine crisis. At the same time, governments were facing growing public pressure to address the landmine problem effectively and speedily.

在《特定常規武器公約》審查會議結束時，40個政府表示願意與非政府組織共同支持全面性地禁止使用地雷。

At the end of the CCW's Review Conference process, 40 governments said they supported a total ban and began working with NGOs towards this aim.

阿克斯渥西的挑戰

The Axworthy Challenge

1996年的10月是一個轉折點。50個政府代表與24個觀察員於渥太華聚會，一同討論倡議全面禁止使用地雷的策略。

October 1996 marked a turning point. In Ottawa, 50 governments and 24 observers met in conference to strategize a way to bring about a ban on landmines.

國際反地雷組織的大使，1997年諾貝爾和平獎的共同得獎人Jody Williams，對於渥太華進程如何因為阿克斯握西的挑戰而加速，描述如下：

Jody Williams, ICBL Ambassador and co-laureate of the 1997 Nobel Peace Prize, thus described how the Ottawa Process gained momentum with the Axworthy Challenge:

「（該會議）最初的目標是發展出一個由各國簽署的宣言，以宣示禁止人員殺傷性地雷的目的，並訂出行動的議程，列出反地雷的具體步驟。當時，我們對於加拿大外交部部長Lloyd Axworthy的結束評論並沒有過多的期待…但Lloyd Axworthy並沒有以祝賀作為結語，而卻提出一個挑戰，其提議各國於一年後返回加拿大共同簽署反對人員殺傷性地雷使用的國際條約。國際反地雷組織的成員於一夕之間爆增…那真是令人相當驚訝的。」

"The primary objectives [of the conference]...were to develop a declaration that states would sign signaling their intention to ban antipersonnel mines and an "Agenda for Action" outlining concrete steps to reach such a ban. We were all prepared for the concluding comments by Lloyd Axworthy, the Foreign Minister of Canada... But the Foreign Minister did not end with congratulations. He ended with a challenge. The Canadian government challenged the world to return to Canada in a year to sign an international treaty banning antipersonnel landmines. Members of the International Campaign to Ban Landmines erupted in cheers... It was really breath-taking."

地雷禁止條約起草的過程

The Mine Ban Treaty Drafting Process

該條約透過澳洲政府與其他傳統的外交管道，歷經一系列於維也納、波恩、布魯塞爾與奧斯陸的會議後所起草完成。

The treaty was drafted by Austria and developed outside of traditional diplomatic channels, in a series of meetings in Vienna, Bonn, Brussels and Oslo over the course of 1997.

一群有相同想法的政府組成了核心群體，以便與國際反地雷聯盟的成員，或與國際組織例如紅十字會進行合作，協助引領渥太華進程。明顯地，「渥太華條約行」的成員橫跨世界各地，也同時包含了受地雷所影響與製造地雷的國家。

A group of likeminded governments formed a "Core Group" that, in close cooperation with the NGOs of the ICBL and international organizations such as the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), helped to steer the Ottawa Process. Significantly, the "friends of the Ottawa Treaty" spanned the regions of the world and included representatives in both mine-affected and mine-producing countries.

國際反地雷組織在最開始的起草階段即扮演了重要的角色，並貢獻其領域的專業。在所有的外交會議中，我們被給予一個正式的席次以領導這些談判。對於國際反地雷組織與國際紅十字會的貢獻也被寫入條約的前言中。

Contributing its field expertise, the ICBL played a major role in the actual drafting of the treaty, from its earliest stages. We were given a formal seat at the table in all of the diplomatic meetings leading up to the negotiations, and then during the negotiations themselves. The critical importance of the presence and input of the ICBL and the ICRC was specifically recognized in the preamble of the treaty.

《禁雷公約》於1997年9月於挪威的奧斯陸通過，並由122個國家於1997年12月3日於加拿大的渥太華簽署該公約。其於不到兩年內即施行生效，較歷史上所有同類型的公約還來得快速。

The Mine Ban Treaty was adopted in Oslo, Norway, in September 1997 and signed by 122 States in Ottawa, Canada, on 3 December 1997. It entered into force less than two years later, more quickly than any treaty of its kind in history.

更多的資訊，請參考「什麼是渥太華進程」？

http://www.icbl.org/index.php/icbl/Treaties/MBT/Treaty-Basics#What%20is%20the%20Ottawa%20Process

For more information: What is the Ottawa Process?

原文連結：http://www.icbl.org/index.php/icbl/Treaties/MBT/Ban-History